Eriophorum virginicum (Tawny cottonsedge)

Eriophorum virginicum L.

Tawny cottonsedge, tawny cotton-grass

Kingdom	Plantae	Plants, but not fungi, lichens, or algae
Subkingdom	Tracheobionta	Vascular plants—plants with a “circulatory system” for delivering water and nutrients
Division	Magnoliophyta	Flowering plants, also known as angiosperms
Class	Liliopsida	Monocots (plants with a single seed leaf); includes the lily family
Subclass	Commelinidae	Dayflowers and spiderworts, and several others
Order	Cyperales	Flowering plants including grasses
Family	Cyperaceae	Sedge family
Genus	Eriophorum	Wool-bearing
Species	virginicum	From or referring to Virginia

About plant names...

Tawny cotton-grass is a North American native plant, found along much of the eastern seaboard and especially in the northeast. It prefers wet, peaty, acidic soil, such as bogs, damp meadows, and conifer swamps.

Plants: Stems (culms) are not branched, hairless, and 16-48" (40-121 cm) in height. They are single, or in small groups, with round or slightly triangular cross sections.

Leaves: Alternate, up to 12" (30 cm) long × ¹/₃₂-⅛" (1.5-4 mm) wide. They are linear, flat at the base, becoming triangular in cross section as they approach the tip, with parallel veins. They may be erect, or floppy.

Flowers: Although they often look like a single tuft of cotton, the tuft is comprised of 2-10 densely packed spikelet clusters. The lowermost spikelets are wrapped in leafy bracts, like tiny ears of corn. Each spikelet is ⅛-⅜" (6-10 mm) long. Ten or more threadlike bristles—the “cotton”—extend from the base of each flower. The threads eventually become up to ¾" (2 cm) long, usually brown at the base, and somewhere between off white and brown or red-brown as the plant ages. The red-brown color distinguishes tawny cotton-grass from other cotton grasses. (More subtle identifiers include a single stamen per floret instead of 3, and multiple veins on the scales of the seedheads.) Flowers appear from June to September.

Fruits: Fruits appear from July to September. The achenes are ¹/₁₆-⅛" (2.5-4 mm) long, shaped like a narrow ellipse with a triangular or rounded cross section. They are brown or black.

These are closely similar:

8/22/2020 · Kettle Hole Bog, Hidden Valley Nature Center, Jefferson, Maine
≈ 4½ × 3½" (12 × 9.6 cm)

8/22/2020 · Kettle Hole Bog, Hidden Valley Nature Center, Jefferson, Maine
≈ 3 × 4" (8.4 × 10 cm)

8/22/2020 · Kettle Hole Bog, Hidden Valley Nature Center, Jefferson, Maine
≈ 5 × 8" (13 × 20 cm)

	*Eriophorum vaginatum var. spissum*	You are here Eriophorum virginicum	*Rhynchospora alba*
Common Name	cotton sedge	tawny cottonsedge	white beakrush
Plant	Stems (culms) are round, oval, or triangular in cross section. The *stems are very thin, about ¹/₃₂" (), and densely packed into tussocks*.	Stems are not branched, hairless, and 16-48" (40-121 cm) in height. They are single, or in small groups, with round or slightly triangular cross sections.	Stems are up to 20" (50 cm) in height, round or oval to weakly triangular (“obscurely triangular,” according to one source) in cross-section. They are not branched and hairless, and are cespitose: often occuring in clumps.
Flowers	Flowers appear in a compact cluster at the tip of the stem, appearing elliptic at first, then more hemispheric as the plant matures. If you look closely, the numerous flowerheads are arranged in a spiral pattern. The cottony flowerheads are ¾-2" (1.9-5 cm) in size, *erect (vs. nodding)* and are *white (vs. brownish)*.	Although they often look like a single tuft of cotton, the tuft is comprised of 2-10 densely packed spikelet clusters. The lowermost spikelets are wrapped in leafy bracts, like tiny ears of corn. Each spikelet is ⅛-⅜" (6-10 mm) long. Ten or more threadlike bristles—the “cotton”—extend from the base of each flower. The threads eventually become up to ¾" (2 cm) long, usually brown at the base, and somewhere between off white and brown or red-brown as the plant ages. The *red-brown color distinguishes tawny cotton-grass from other cotton grasses. (More subtle identifiers include a single stamen per floret instead of 3, and multiple veins on the scales of the seedheads*.) Flowers appear from Jun to Sep.	White, rounded clusters of spikelets turn light brown with age. Usually there is a single cluster, but there may be one or two additional clusters. Clusters are ⅜-⅞" (1-2.5 cm) in size, comprised of spikelets that are ⅛-³/₁₆" (3.5-5.5 mm) long, and narrowly elliptic: shaped like miniature ears of corn.
Leaves	There are a few basal, alternate leaves, and a few higher up, but they are easy to miss amongst the many stems. Each leaf is up to ¹/₃₂" (1 mm) wide, resembling a grass blade, and may be nearly as long as the stem.	Alternate, up to 12" (30 cm) long × ¹/₃₂-⅛" (1.5-4 mm) wide. They are linear, flat at the base, becoming triangular in cross section as they approach the tip, with parallel veins. They may be erect, or floppy.	Grasslike leaves are flat at the base, becoming triangular in cross-section toward the end, ~¹/₃₂" (~) in width. Sheaths enclosing blades around the culm are closed.
Fruit	¹/₁₆-⅛" (1.9-3.5 mm) long. They are triangular to rounded in cross-section. White bristles around the base of each flower extend in length, becoming ¼-¾" (8.3-19 mm) long, producing the “cotton.” Seeds (achenes) are ¹/₁₆-⅛" (1.9-3.5 mm) long, and shaped like teardrops. They are three-sided when viewed in cross section.	Fruits appear from July to September. The achenes are ¹/₁₆-⅛" (2.5-4 mm) long, shaped like a narrow ellipse with a triangular or rounded cross section. They are brown or black.	Achenes are lenticular (“lens-shaped”), ~¹/₃₂" (~) wide, narrowing to a stalk at the base. Each spikelet contains one or two achenes. Mature spikelets are brown. A tangle of 9 to 12 bristles surround the base of each spikelet.
Range/ Zones		USDA Zones: 2-6
Habitats	Peaty bogs and acidic wetlands.	Wet, peaty, acidic soil, such as bogs, damp meadows, and conifer swamps.	Bogs, peatlands, floating mats.
Type	Wild	Wild	Wild

	*Rhynchospora colorata*	*Kyllinga nemoralis*
Common Name	starrush whitetop	white water sedge
Plant	Grasslike clumps or solitary plants. Each is topped with a “flower” comprised of 3-10 specialized green and white leaves. The “petals” are really specialized leaves (bracts), each up to 5" (13 cm) × ¹/₁₆-¼" (2-7 mm). Stems are triangular in cross section.	These perennials spread via creeping rhizomes. Their culms are tufted or spaced, standing straight, up to 22" (55 cm) in height. Like other sedges, the culms are triangular in cross-section.
Flowers	A dense cluster of small spikelets ⅛-¼" (5-7 mm) long, nestled amidst the bracts. Each spikelet is white, ovoid, and contains several tiny flowers. They appear in June and July.	Flowerheads are roughly spherical, ⅛-⅜" (5-10 mm) around. Usually there is a single flowerhead, but up to three smaller heads may be fused to the largest one. Beneath the flowerhead are 3 or 4 long bracts, grasslike spikes, up to 8" (20 cm) in length.
Leaves	Grasslike, linear, arising from the base of the plant in clusters, spreading or erect, ¹/₃₂-⅛" () wide.	Grasslike leaves are linear, almost as long as the culms, ¹/₃₂-⅛" (1.5-3 mm) wide. Leaf sheafs are brown or purple-brown.
Fruit	Spikelets mature to a yellow to mahogony color. Each spikelet contains several fruits, each ¹/₃₂-¹/₁₆" (1.5-1.7 mm) in size. Fruits appear in late spring to summer.
Range/ Zones	USDA Zones: 7-10
Habitats	Wet coastal areas, dunes, flatwoods, wet prairies, swales and roadside ditches	Shaded meadows, rock crevices and along roadsides. Not native to North America, invasive in Hawai’i.
Type	Wild	Wild

Online References:

Eriophorum virginicum on illinoiswildflowers.info

Eriophorum virginicum at Minnesota Wildflowers

Eriophorum virginicum on gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org

Eriophorum virginicum at the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center

References:

Arsenault, Matt; Mittelhauser, Glen H.; Cameron, Don; Dibble, Alison C.; Haines, Arthur; Rooney, Sally C.; and Weber, Jill E., Sedges of Maine: A Field Guide to Cyperaceae, University of Maine Press, 2013, p. 608

10/8/2016 · Groton Town Forest, Groton, Massachusetts
≈ 4 × 6" (11 × 16 cm)

8/22/2020 · Kettle Hole Bog, Hidden Valley Nature Center, Jefferson, Maine
≈ 3 × 3½" (7.8 × 9.2 cm)

8/22/2020 · Kettle Hole Bog, Hidden Valley Nature Center, Jefferson, Maine
≈ 3 × 4" (7.6 × 10 cm)

The leaves are bog Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), not part of the sedge. · 8/22/2020 · Kettle Hole Bog, Hidden Valley Nature Center, Jefferson, Maine
≈ 4½ × 7" (12 × 18 cm)

8/22/2020 · Kettle Hole Bog, Hidden Valley Nature Center, Jefferson, Maine
≈ 3 × 2½" (8.3 × 7.2 cm)

8/16/2020 · Long Reach Preserve, Harpswell, Maine
≈ 2½ × 2" (6.3 × 6 cm)

9/28/2013 · Cadillac Mountain, Acadia Naitonal Park, Bar Harbor, Maine
≈ 4½ × 6" (11 × 15 cm)

8/22/2020 · Kettle Hole Bog, Hidden Valley Nature Center, Jefferson, Maine
≈ 4 × 6" (10 × 15 cm)

The leaves are bog Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), not part of the sedge. · 8/22/2020 · Kettle Hole Bog, Hidden Valley Nature Center, Jefferson, Maine
≈ 5 × 8" (13 × 20 cm)

8/16/2020 · Long Reach Preserve, Harpswell, Maine
≈ 6 × 5" (14 × 12 cm)

Eriophorum virginicum description by Thomas H. Kent, last updated 16 Sep 2020.

9/28/2013 · Cadillac Mountain, Acadia Naitonal Park, Bar Harbor, Maine
≈ 5 × 8" (13 × 19 cm)

9/28/2013 · Cadillac Mountain, Acadia Naitonal Park, Bar Harbor, Maine
≈ 6 × 4" (15 × 10 cm)

8/16/2020 · Long Reach Preserve, Harpswell, Maine

8/16/2020 · Long Reach Preserve, Harpswell, Maine
≈ 2½ × 4" (7.2 × 11 cm)

10/8/2016 · Groton Town Forest, Groton, Massachusetts
≈ 3 × 3½" (8.1 × 9.3 cm)

8/22/2020 · Kettle Hole Bog, Hidden Valley Nature Center, Jefferson, Maine
≈ 6 × 9" (16 × 22 cm)

8/22/2020 · Kettle Hole Bog, Hidden Valley Nature Center, Jefferson, Maine
≈ 4½ × 6" (11 × 14 cm)

9/28/2013 · Cadillac Mountain, Acadia Naitonal Park, Bar Harbor, Maine
≈ 5 × 8" (13 × 19 cm)

9/16/2016 · Sieur de Monts Botanical Gardens, Acadia National Park, Bar Harbor, Maine

12/15/2020 · Garden in the Woods, Framingham, Massachusetts

9/28/2013 · Cadillac Mountain, Acadia Naitonal Park, Bar Harbor, Maine
≈ 6 × 4" (16 × 10 cm)

Range: Zones 2-6:

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